Designing A New Method Of Visual Communication - 1461 Words

Postmodernism in design is often distinguished by its difference in ideas and concepts to modernism. Graphic design was lead by modernism throughout the 20th century, however postmodernism was not recognized until the 1980s. Once it became known – as complicated as it was – designers saw it as an opportunity to break away from the modern movement to create a new method of visual communication with their work. Although the ‘rules’ of design were broken in postmodern practice (Poyner 2013 p.13), it simply cannot be understood without reference to modernism. While the product of postmodern design may sometimes be comparable to those of modernist works, their inspiration and purposes are different. Modernism in design is often characterized by originality, orderly layouts, dehumanized content and a focus on functionality; however these characteristics are generally rejected by postmodernism with the use of appropriation, deconstructed layouts, emphasis on perso nal experience and an open-ended interpretation. These features can be seen in highly influential graphic designers such as Neville Brody. Many of Brody’s advertisements, magazines and album cover designs are fragmented with the drastic use of scale, shape and colour. At the time of modernism, this was a very unusual way to approach design. I believe that both modernist and postmodern movements have heavily influenced contemporary graphic design, as practitioners today will often adjust their style to meet the needs of theShow MoreRelatedSupporting Business Documents : How Accurate And Complete They Are For Existing Users1397 Words   |  6 PagesCONTENTS Reassurances for Existing Users While presenting the advertising proposals, it is more important to find a very nervous client trying to build reassurances for existing users, that stimulates new usership nor reassures existing users in their behavior. Type or survey used: Commonly used methods for collecting quantitative data include telephone and face-to-face interviews, self-completion questionnaires (such as web-based, mail, email, or SMS) or combinations of these. Each has advantages andRead MoreGraphic Design Is An Excellent Choice For A Career Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pages how it works, what it takes to be one, and if there will be enough money being made to support a life and future. Graphic design is the art of planning the ideas an individual comes up with and projecting them with visual and textual content (Cezzar). The artist portrays the visual effect that the company/individual wants to be done in a way that would appeal to their desired audience. Most graphic designers work in an office with several other designers and each one has their own job to do. ThereRead MoreVarious Scopes of Web Designing Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesVarious Scopes of Web Designing in 2014 Web design is the method of making websites. It encompasses many different aspects, together with web page layout, content production, and graphic style. Whereas the terms internet design and internet development are typically used interchangeably, internet design is technically a set of the broader class of internet development. It is formed by using a language called HTML which contains the satisfied content and the Meta data of individual page and theyRead MoreGraphic Designing A Graphic Designer Essay2487 Words   |  10 Pagescopying. As it can be seen, graphic designing is a good field for professionals, it can be included in college level education because it helps students to get a better knowledge about the developing market of graphic designing. There are different software that are used for graphic designing software used for designing purpose, popular ones include Adobe Graphics Designing Suite, Coral Draw Designing Suite, and Zara Designer Pro. These software have their own designing tools and user interface and canRead MoreEssay about Programming Languages956 Words   |  4 Pagestheoretically recycle the original coding for distribution as the code can be broken up and reloaded many times. Modern games designers would choose this way of constructing their product, as the embedding of virtual objects in to applications can take place. New technologies and faster data can replace obsolete coding improving productivity and performance. Accuracy in inputting your data is vital as once code is typed it canno t be altered or executed in another way symbolising a clear limitation of this styleRead MoreGraphic Design : What Is It?1005 Words   |  5 Pagesadvanced software. The graphic design or communication design is one of the most advanced aspects of graphic design. This is indeed the art of planning, designing and incorporating ideas in a visual and textual way. Graphic design, in short, is the technical term of designing a logo, signage or poster by including images, words, animations and graphic forms. Designers take up projects of small and large scale. While a small scale project involves logo designing and creating signage, a large projectRead MoreTraditional Conceptions Of Service Planning And Management1217 Words   |  5 Pagesand appropriate methods for meaningful engagement. Concepts such as communicative space, the counter public (Dentith et al, 2012) or discursive approach (Cook, 2012) which are encountered in participatory methodology, underline the fact that the challe nge of participation is fundamentally a challenge of communication. Although they draw on different concepts, authors continually stress how important it is that the research process opens up spaces that facilitate communication. They argue thatRead MoreContent Analysis: An Examination of Web-based Orientation Materials1407 Words   |  6 PagesA Shift in the Platforms for Orientation Materials Orienting new employees is a long-established standard for many organizations; these processes are set in place to ensure that newcomers – or employees that are new to an organization – are provided with accurate information to enable successful job performance. In the midst of seasoned employees, newcomers’ knowledge is equivocal – lacking a comprehensive understanding of day-to-day tasks, the organizations’ history, products or services, benefitsRead MoreThe Energy And Environmental Design System2055 Words   |  9 Pagesare either LEED certified or use the LEED evaluation system. Yet, convincing others to adopt sustainable architecture is not an easy process. Specifically, what role can technical communicators in marketing play in convincing clients to adopt these methods? The purpose of this research study is to investigate the marketing of sustainable buildings to recommend best practices for other marketing professionals. As a researcher and advocate for sustainable design, the aim of my research is to articulateRead MoreAnalysis of Visual Text Essay912 Words   |  4 Pageslaunch and brand products. Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Everyday we are surrounded by advertisements, influencing us to make different purchases without our mind even realizing how much they really affect us. Advertising is available in many different mediums and communicated across many different forums. Of all of the forms of advertising, visual advertising has proven to be one of the most successful

The Problem Of Eating Disorders Essay - 1626 Words

Eating disorders are diseases in which people have an unhealthy relationship with their food, and negative image reflecting how their body looks, such as, the fear of gaining weight. This type of body dysmorphia can lead to damaging eating habits, such as; starvation, purging, and even binging. Furthermore, there are numerous eating disorders recognized today, the most common being binge disorder, causing the affected person to eat far too much and experience pain, discomfort, and irritable bowel symptoms, bulimia which causes the affected person to purge their food through vomiting, and one of the most common eating disorders -- anorexia nervosa. (Eating Disorders, 2008) Many of these disorders can be treated in multiple ways, the most common way is through counselling with a social worker, the social worker helps develop a treatment plan for the client and aids them in their recovery. Issues The fundamental issue behind this system is that the social worker must dig far deeper to gain access and knowledge as to the direct cause of the body dysmorphia that the client is experiencing, rather than looking at it from the surface value. The worker must use an evidence-based practice method to â€Å"integrate clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence into the decision making process for patient care.† (What is EBP, 2016) History Anorexia nervosa was medically discovered in 1874 by a man named William Withey Gull, where he observed the experiences of womenShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders Are A Worldwide Problem1676 Words   |  7 Pages Are Eating Disorders are a worldwide problem? There are 3 types of eating disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, the fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, Bulimia Nervosa, the act of binge eating then purging or vomiting, and Binge Eating Disorder, eating until uncomfortably full in one sitting. 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I wasn t sick; I was strong† (Laurie Halse Anderson). Due to the pressure of being beautiful or fulfilling in the stereotypes that media bring us, eating disorders affect individuals and their families around the world both mental and physical. NEDA (National eating disorders association) cares and helps to those people affected by an eating disorder. Therefore, NEDA bring to citizens the cureRead MoreEating Disorders : A Health Problem1834 Words   |  8 PagesEating disorders can be one of the most difficult types of conditions to overcome. They are the names given to problems relating to a person’s eating style. Eating disorders aren t just about how a certain person eats. They are a sign of unhappiness. They are about how people think and feel about themselves, their bodies, and the food that they eat. They are serious health problems. We all live in a world where image is a very important factor in life. It urges people (especially women) to improveRead MoreThe Problem Of Eating Disorder Recovery3374 Words   |  14 Pagesall while weighing less than 84 pounds and suffering in and out of eating disorder recovery clinics. At 33, both women are hopeful that they will someday recover; however, due to the societal misunderstanding that those with eating disorders are â€Å"fully recovered† once they no longer have eating disordered behaviors the twins are skeptical that they will ever be able to rid themselves of their eating disordered thoughts. Eating disorde r recovery is more difficult to achieve, and often ends in relapseRead MoreEating Disorder : Not A Problem Of Self Esteem1405 Words   |  6 PagesEATING DISORDER: NOT A PROBLEM OF SELF-ESTEEM â€Å"No one is perfect.†, â€Å"Your body is beautiful as the way it is.†, â€Å"It is the problem of the way you think of yourself†. These are the words that you might associate with eating disorders. Many people come up with an extremely skinny individual seems like under 80lbs when it comes to eating disorder. Today, I would like to inform you of the importance of eating disorder. This is not about simply people with underweight, rather it is about one of theRead MoreEating Disorders Are A Serious Health Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesOften, the desire to become thin becomes an obsession. People’s obsession over their appearance has led to a growing number of eating disorders. Eating disorders are a serious health problem. Personal Counseling Resources says that eating disorders â€Å"are characterized by a focus on body shape, weight, fat, food, and perfectionism and by feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem.† Additionally, the medi a imparts a great deal of thinness on television, the Internet, and magazines that are viewedRead MoreEating Disorders Are A Grave Health Problem1614 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Eating disorders develop typically during adolescence. Triggers include a distorted view of an ideal body image, abuse, and the need to control a particular part of life. The eating disorders discussed include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder (BED). These eating disorders lead to severe physical and mental health problems that may require a medical intervention. â€Æ' Eating Disorders Often, the desire to lose weight or to become thin especially in women becomesRead MoreEating Disorders Are A Serious Health Problem Essay2138 Words   |  9 PagesEating disorders are a very serious health problem. People with eating disorders are addicted to food, just like the people who are addicted to drugs and medications. People with eating disorders us food to numb the pain. â€Å"They are dangerous illnesses that cause mental and physical suffering and may have long life consequences.†(Allman 2010 page 6) People with eating disorders cannot use food as a source of energy or nutrition. Their ability to connect hunger and fullness with the meals is disruptedRead MoreEating Disorders Are Serious Emotional And Physical Problems1189 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders plagues the lives of many people mentally and physically. Eating Disorders are very common in the United States. More than eight million American men and women including children and adults suffer from ea ting disorders. There is more than one type of eating disorder. The following eating disorders are the most common ones found in the United States and other countries worldwide: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating disorder. There are many factors that contributes

Sample Research Proposal VAT Compliance in the UK Free Essays

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Income tax, National Insurance contributions, and Value Added Tax (VAT) contribute approximately two-thirds to total tax revenue in the Uk (Adam and Browne, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Research Proposal: VAT Compliance in the UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now VAT, which is a proportional tax paid on all sales, has become an important source of revenue in Britain, particularly as the government is under great pressures to raise revenue to ‘balance the budget’ (Adams and Webley, 2001). A business has to register for VAT when their taxable supplies in the last twelve month period surpass or are expected to surpass the current registration limit of ?70,000. The VAT is a flat rate scheme with a current rate of 17.5%, up from 15% (a rate which applicable from 01 December 2008 to 31 December 2009 as part of an economic stimulus package) (Adam and Browne, 2009). In addition to this flat tax that applies to the vast majority of goods and services purchased, there are a few items that are zero-rated, such as most foodstuff, exempt, such as health services and private education, and some with a lower rate of VAT (5%), such as baby car seats and domestic fuel and power (Adam and Browne, 2009). While items falling into these classes are not affected, the standard rate of VAT is set to increase to 20% from 4 January 2011. Investigators have found that small businesses people believe that the present rate of 17.5% is too high and promotes negative feelings towards VAT and full compliance (Adams and Webley, 2001). Given the increase in January 2010, what will be the impact on compliance ratesThis is an important issue, since research shows that VAT is more efficiently collected when VAT rates are low (de Mello, 2009). While the level of tax evasion in the UK has been found to be much smaller than in some other countries (Agha and Haughton (1996) reported evasion of 3% in the UK compared to 40% in Italy), even small amounts of evasion represent large losses in revenue. Still, there has been little research on VAT compliance over the last three decades, with research focusing mainly on income tax compliance (de Mello, 2009; Webly, 2004). I think that this is a very interesting and important topic of research because of the impending increase in the rate of VAT in the UK and the current paucity of research in this area. The lack of research on VAT in particular makes it difficult to assess the impact of the increase and so I think this is an area worth investigating more. 1.2Research Aims and Objectives The purpose of this study is to build on previous research into tax evasion in general, and VAT evasion in particular, to present a description of small businesses’ perspectives on VAT and related issues. The specific objectives of this research are: To describe small businesses’ perspectives on paying VAT and related issues, To investigate the degree to which social and psychological factors play an important role in evasion of VAT, and To investigate the possible impact of the increase in VAT on in evasion. This paper has two additional sections. The second section is the preliminary Literature Review, in which the research on VAT compliance and important social psychological factors is discussed. Section three details the Methodology, outlining how the research will be carried out. 2.0Preliminary Literature Review 2.1 Introduction People’s willingness to pay taxes depends on a range of variables. Economists tend to highlight the importance of the relevance of exogenous variables such as tax rate, income, and probability of detection and the level of sanctions, while psychological research demonstrates that endogenous variables are also significant, including taxpayers’ attitudes toward the government and taxation, personal norms, perceived efficiency and equity (Hofmann et al., 2008; Kirchler, 2007). In taking these together, Cullis and Lewis (1997: 320) terms this the ‘economic psychology approach,’ which combines the â€Å"positive approach the empirical world† with â€Å"the softer approach† in which people â€Å"comply with taxes for different reasons and †¦ the tax compliance problem is in part socially constructed.† Adams and Webley’s (2001) have undertaken research specifically investigating VAT compliance and uncovered fifteen main concepts falling into five key themes that they thought to be relevant. Of the five major themes, four were recurrent in previous research on income tax compliance research: equity, attitudes toward taxation and tax authorities, sanctions, and personality/morality. The fifth theme they highlighted was ‘mental accounting,’ which they note is a recognised psychological construct but has not previously been applied in the area of tax compliance. This five-factor model was echoed in Webley et al. (2006), who extended the research undertaken by Adams and Webley (2001) and found that mental accounting and equity were particularly important factors affecting VAT compliance. These five factors are briefly discussed here. 2.2 Sanctions and Punishments In economics, the basic theory of tax evasion is an application of the theory of choice under uncertainty (Clotfelter, 1983). In the standard approach to tax evasion, a risk-averse individual chooses either the amount or the share of income to be concealed so as to maximise her expected utility of income, considering (1) the probability of detection, (2) the penalty tax rate applied when tax evasion is detected, (3) the marginal tax rate, and (4) the level of true income (Pommerehne and Weck-Hannemann, 1996). Thus, the problem a person has to tackle is whether or not to evade some part of her legal tax liability given that there is a probability of being caught if she decides to be non-compliant. Therefore, economic models focus on the role of penalties and audits, with economists theorising that greater penalties and audit probabilities should increase compliance (Slemrod, 2007). Empirical research indicates that both penalties and audits can lead to greater compliance (Andreoni et al., 1998), although higher penalties have been shown to be less of a deterrent than higher audit probabilities (Hessing et al., 1992). 2.3 Equity At the centre of tax policy are concepts of equity (fairness) as the perceived fairness of a tax system has been found to be is essential to its acceptability and smooth functioning (Adams and Webley, 2001; Hofmann et al., 2008). This ‘first, basic rule of taxation’ is based on Adam Smith’s first maxim of a good tax, which reads: The subjects of every State ought to contribute towards the support of the government as nearly as possible in proportion to their respective abilities – that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the State (as cited in Musgrave, 2002: 10). Wenzel (2003) discusses three types of fairness that are applicable in this area. Distributive justice deals with the fair exchange of resources, benefits, and costs, procedural justice deals with the issue of tax collection and resource distribution, while retributive justice deals with the perceived fairness of audit and punishment as discussed above. Overall, research demonstrates that, where taxpayers feel there is a disparity in the exchange relationship, it is more likely that people will be non-complaint in order to offset or reduce the perceived inequity (Cowell, 1992). In recent work by Webley and colleagues on VAT and small businesses (Adams and Webley, 2001; Webley et al., 2004) the idea that small businesses especially are unfairly treated in the current system was a frequent theme. 2.4 Personality/Morality In their research, Adams and Webley (2001) discuss the impact of egoism on compliance behaviour. They draw on research by Weigel et al. (1998) indicating that people that have egoistic tendencies are more likely to break rules when these rules are not in their personal self-interest and thus are more likely to try to avoid paying taxes. This idea is supported by research showing that egoism is a good indicator of the individual’s propensity to evade income taxes (Elffers, 1991), engage in benefits fraud (Hessing et al., 1993), and incur parking violations (Adams and Webley, 1996). Researchers have also outlined other important norms that may be important in influencing tax compliance, such as authoritarianism and Machiavellianism (Kirchler et al., 2008), and the overall conclusion from the research in this area is that people with more developed moral reasoning or tax ethics are more likely to be compliant (Hofmann et al., 2008; Trivedi et al., 2003). 2.5 Satisfaction with the Tax Authorities Theoretical and empirical research indicates that dissatisfaction with the tax authorities is one of the reasons for non-compliance (Adams and Webley, 2001; Elffers, 1991; Hofmann et al., 2008; Webley et al., 2006). One way to look at this is based on efficiency, with research showing that people that think the tax system is inefficient are less likely to comply (Wearing and Heady, 1995). 2.6 Mental Accounting Finally, Adams and Webley (2001) and Webley et al. (2006) have found that the way in which business people see the VAT money they collect is an important factor in whetner they choose to comply with VAT laws or not and use the idea of ‘mental accounting’ (see to develop this point. According to Webley et al. (2006: 178): Mental accounting is often described as a psychological mechanism whereby income is framed†¦. in respect of personal finance †¦people have a number of mental accounts that operate independently of one another. What is interesting in the current context is whether business men and women psychologically separate monies owed to the VAT into a separate mental account from that of business turnover. If they do not, they may be more likely to try to evade VAT as a result of seeing it as ‘their’ money. The results of their research is that most of the business people saw the money collected as theirs and therefore disliked handing it over to HM Revenue and Customs. 2.7 Summary As noted in the Introduction, there has been little research on VAT compliance over the last three decades and this is reflected in the literature that has been reviewed here. However, brief review of the literature on VAT compliance, combined with the insights from the research on income tax compliance, indicates that businesses’ willingness to comply with VAT laws is influenced by sanctions, but also by a number of internal factors, important among which are perceptions of equity and their mental accounting. These five factors discussed will be used as starting points to investigate the issue as the literature search is extended over the next few months. 3.0Methodology Based on the research objectives outlined in the first section, secondary research was thought to be appropriate. Secondary research is the summary, collation, and/or synthesis of existing research (Robson, 2002). While secondary analysis is an important feature of the research and evaluation landscape, â€Å"few researchers consider the possibility of re-analysing data that have already been collected for some other purpose† (Saunders et al., 1997: 158). I initially considered undertaking a typical research strategy which would include the collection of data directly from one or more business owners and then its subsequent analysis using statistics. However, this did not seem the best manner in which to collect the evidence that was necessary primarily because time and monetary constraints meant that I would not be able to undertake research in several different types of businesses or on large samples of businesspeople. In constructing in method, a secondary information search strategy was put together with two main steps. The first step is to specify the data needs, which was empirical and theoretical articles dealing with VAT compliance. The second step includes specifying the data retrieval method. Both manual and electronic retrieval methods will be used. In the electronic search, two approaches will be used to locate relevant articles. First, a keyword search will be conducted, meaning that keywords relating to VAT evasion will be identified and then used in various search engines to locate relevant material. The next approach will be based on the previous searches, meaning that relevant material cited in the data sources already collected will be located and collected. Data will be presented using traditional narrative reviews, which use a narrative format to summarise the findings of primary studies on a coherent topic to attempt to draw conclusions or inform theory (Robson, 2002). There are two main limitations of this method. First, the research subject deals with matters that relate to contemporary issues and ay be restricted by deep-seated social, historic and regional biases. Second, the insufficiency of published information on VAT compliance in comparison to other more well-researched aspects of tax compliance are underlying limiting factors that restrict availability of requisite secondary information. This may result in the omission of significant information that may well have improved the research conclusions. References Adam, S. and Browne, J. (2009). A survey of theUKtax system. Institute of Fiscal Studies Briefing Note No. 9 [online]. Available at http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn09.pdf [cited 17 March 2010]. Adams, C. and Webley, P. (1996). The role of economic and psychological variables in parking violations. Psychology, Crime and Law, 3: 111-133. Adams, C. and Webley, P. (2001). Small business owners’ attitudes on VAT compliance in the UK. Journal of Economic Psychology, 22 (2): 195-216. Agha, A. and Haughton, J. (1996). Designing VAT systems: Some efficiency considerations. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78 (2): 303-308. Andreoni, J., Erard, B., and Feinstein, J. (1998). Tax compliance. Journal of Economic Literature, 36 (2): 818-860. Clotfelter, C. (1983). Tax evasion and tax rates: An analysis of individual returns. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 65 (3): 363-373. Cowell, F. (1992). Tax evasion and inequity. Journal of Economic Psychology, 13, 521- 543. Cullis, J. and Lewis, A. (1997). Why people pay taxes: From a conventional economic model to a model of social convention. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18 (2/3) 305-321. Davies, M. (2007). Doing a Successful Research Project. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. de Mello, L. (2009). Avoiding the Value Added Tax: Theory and cross-country evidence. Public Finance Review, 37 (1): 27-46. Elffers, H. (1991). Income Tax Evasion: Theory and Measurement. Amsterdam: Kluwer. Hessing, D. J., Elffers, H., Robben, H. S. J., and Webley, P. (1993). Needy or greedyThe social psychology of individuals who fraudulently claim unemployment benefits. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23: 226-243. Hessing, D., Elffers, H., Robben, H., and Webley, P. (1992). Does deterrence deterMeasuring the effect of deterrence on tax compliance in field studies and experimental studies. In Slemrod, J. (ed.), Why People Pay Taxes: Tax Compliance and Enforcement (p. 291-305). Michigan: University of Michigan Press. HM Revenue and Customs (2010). VAT – change of the standard rate to 20 per cent: A detailed guide for vat-registered businesses. 22 June. Available online at http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/vat/forms-rates/rates/rate-rise-guidance.pdf [accessed 28 November 2010]. Hofmann, E., Hoelzl, E., and Kirchler, E. (2008). Preconditions of voluntary tax compliance: Knowledge and evaluation of taxation, norms, fairness, and motivation to cooperate. Journal of Psychology, 216 (4): 209-217. Kirchler, E. (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Kirchler, E., Hoelzl, E., and Wahl, I. (2008). Enforced versus voluntary tax compliance: The ‘slippery slope’ framework. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29 (2): 210-225. Musgrave, R. (2002). Equity and the case for progressive taxation. In Thorndike, J. and Ventry, D. (eds.), Tax Justice: The Ongoing Debate (p. 9-24). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. Pommerehne, W. and Weck-Hannemann, H. (1996). Tax rates, tax administration, and income tax evasion in Switzerland. Public Choice, 88, (1/2): 161-70. Robson, C. (2002). Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. Oxford: Blackwell. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A. (1997). Research Methods for Business Students. London: Pitman Publishing. Slemrod, J. (2007). Cheating ourselves: The economics of tax evasion. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21 (1): 25-48. Trivedi, V., Shehata, M., and Lynn, B. (2003). Impact of personal and situational factors on taxpayer compliance: An experimental analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 47 (3): 175-197. Wearing, A. and Heady, B. (1995). The would-be tax evader: A profile. Paper presented at the Australian Tax Office Compliance Research Conference, Canberra, 1995. Webley, P. (2004). Tax compliance by businesses. In Sjogren, H. and Skogh, G. (eds.), New Perspectives on Economic Crime (p. 95-126). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Webley, P., Adams, C., and Elffers, H. (2006). Value Added Tax compliance. In McCaffery, E. and Slemrod, J. (eds.), Behavioural Public Finance (p. 175-205). New York, NY: Russell Age Foundation. Weigel, R., Hessing, D., and Elffers, H. (1998). Egoism: Concept, measurement, and implications for deviance. Psychology, Crime and Law, 5: 449-478. Wenzel, M. (2003). Tax compliance and the psychology of justice: Mapping the field. In Braithwaite, V. (ed.), Taxing Democracy: Understanding Tax Avoidance and Evasion (p. 41–69). Hants, UK: Ashgate Appendix The following diagram provides an indication of how it is intended to conduct the various stages of the development of this research project. —————————— Stages ——————————— Task1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Research design –– – – Planning–––– Literature review–––– Data collection––––– Data analysis––––– Dissertation production Draft––– Final–––– How to cite Sample Research Proposal: VAT Compliance in the UK, Essays

Walmart as Food Processing Industry for IT - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWalmart as Food Processing Industry for IT. Answer: Introduction The technology of Walmart is based on the introduction of new processes with the check on how the safety measures are mapped with the reduced cost and time. The computerised system control is set with producing the food product that is set for archiving a better goal. The food processing is based on involving the activities like liquefaction, and cooking that includes the toxin removal and the preservation for the better marketing. The use of the IT for Walmart input demands is based on working over the reduced inventories of the agricultural and processed foods. The measures are for the IT use which is greater when there is a greater capital investments which are set for the IT production processes. The Green Revolution is based on the production, processing, distribution and retail that happen to set the strategy with the selection of the multinationals. The approach is based on the innovation which tends to be consolidated and designed to maximise the shareholder interests. The ch eck is on the technology is for leveraging information where one can industrial and sustainable. (Aggarwal, 2014). The sustainable food for Walmart advocates believe the technology is for the diversified forms with scalability to hold the and work on the solutions to the problems. The technology is for the encompassing of the biotechnology, hardware and the information technology. The production operations are based on the consolidation with scaling the industry with entering the marketplace. The misconceptions are that the industry works on the choice between the technological and the traditional agricultural solutions Importance of IT The information technology for Walmart is based on the organisation development with the business to make sure that the business is able to maintain the system for heling in easy growth. The communication is for the different number of organisations where email is important for the different stakeholders. The check is on the tools with the evolvement through the meeting of the tools along with handling the video-conferencing system. (Babu et al., 2015). The management of the inventory for Walmart is based on handling the companies with maintenance of the stocks to meet the demands to work on meeting the investments. The inventory management is for the tracking and keeping a check on how to trigger the changes with the quantity maintenance for the pre-determined amount. The management of the data is for the company that tend to involve the storage of the digital versions with documenting the orders to process the fast and the accurate data. The documents are related to handle the standards without any limitation of the geographical location. The companies are able to store and maintain the data in a proper manner, where the customer relationship management also tend to make use of the IT for Walmart to improvise the methods with interactions to the customer. Importance of IT in Food The information technology for Walmart is based on the support with interconnection that is set to effectively handle the business processes. (Badia et al., 2016). The check is on how the dimensions are able to work over the information systems along with utilising the links and support for the operational processes. The line of the business system with processing for Walmart that allow the department of organisation in a well-integrated form with proper solutions and applications. The food assistance is based on the different options like the support where the finance is set for the administrative activities and logistics. The solutions are supported through monitoring the food or assessing it, with proper distribution and management of different kinds. The technology for Walmart is based on providing a proper platform with the knowledge standards to share and collaborate the functions. The communication is based on the shareholders which involve the procedures and the technologies with better productivity tools, where the aim is to create and encourage the culture through building the communities and working on the geographic guidelines. (Ijumba et al., 2015). The solutions are set with processing and handling the approach of susceptibility for Walmart where one can easily reduce the food borne disease. The extreme factors are set with food processing with transportation of the exotic foods, where the elimination is found to be hard with wide variety of food to the ancestors. The individual production and checking the content replication is messing the tools, where the automation processes are set with the technology change in a proper collaborative behaviour. The rising energy costs are for handling the usage of energy with saving the technologies that are based on heat insulation of factory buildings. The factory automation is mainly to reduce the personnel costs and lead to a stabilised production. IT Discipline in Food Processing The food processing is for development with the physics that include the effective food processing that provides the proper guidelines for the safety of the food in Walmart. The control is about the unwanted polluted particle. (Perez et al., 2016). The inspections are for the computerised control and record keeping to the food process with adequate handling of the conversions from the manual to the computerised processing. The investigation is about the programming the system where the functions are related to the operator control functions. The documentation for Walmart is depending upon the computer system technology is with the relays and the sensing of the switching with the range from the single loop controller to complex higher end computer systems. The nutrition value is important for the body where the IT is able to include the sustainable food industry scale in a way that is able to preserve the industry integrity. The challenge is about the addressing of the technology with industry fragmentation that offers the sustainable food. The events are related to the computerised systems during the operations set to control the food establishment. The processing of the food affect for Walmart the nutritional density where the loss is depending upon the food and processing methods. The research is based on the highlighting of the human health of the rich environment that indicates the use of the food additives which is another important safety concern. (Saleh et al, 2016). The computer science applications are set with analysis of the data and working over the applying of process control methods. The subject is based on rice or fruit juices that tend to increase the beta-carotene content in the food. Risks Involved There are risks related to the denial of the service data and the attack with the issues related to the personal and the financial levels. The personal data is easily hacked by the hacker where the damage in business works on covering the information that is related to the breach of the services and the expenses. It includes the identity restoration and the analysis of the forensic standards with better costs of the notifications. There are other legal services and the sectors related to the public relations. It is important to focus on the technology tools and documents that check on how to train the staff with related safety of the data. The focus should be on the encryption and setup of the firewall so that there is no breach of any data. The food processing for Walmart is based on utilising the larger mixture with production that is based on handling the industrial metal detectors. The utilisation is for the reduced damage to process and analyse the risks to the consumer health. (Wills, 2016). The minimisation of the waste, labour used and the measure is to improve the energy efficiency along with working for Walmart over the different contexts of the holding vessel. The improved effectiveness is based on the product quality along with measuring the raw materials that needs to be decreased, which lower the manufacturing the costs and increased shelf life. The increased life of the shelf is to maintain the emulsion with adding the food stabiliser. The trends are depending on the clean forms which keeps the anti-virus and the anti-malware software up to date. The steps are important for the increased possibility with the long term success of the organisation. IT Maintenance The front-end services for Walmart are depending upon the technologies that could easily be handled through the customers with the software, communication system and the hardware. The middleware services are based on understanding the technology with the help in supporting the tools where the customer can use different IT solutions with the different forms of the technologies. This is based on the maintenance of database, with the mail system that tend to make up the application platform. The infrastructure standards are set for the basic server with operating system or telecommunication that will help lead to the ad front end services with adapting the technology. The processes are based on customisation along with handling the standards of the processes with the current technologies that is set to put the new type of technologies. The food processing is based on the mechanical processes that is able to use the large mix, with the use of the packaging. The consistency is depending u pon the specific levels for the use in food products. The approved additives are set with simplified communication that includes the utilisation of the industrial metal detectors. (Perez et al., 2016). The performance is based on the large food processors with utilisation of the metal detectors with processing the stream along with reducing the damage to process the machinery with the risks to consumer health. Conclusion The forms are set with the information technology for Walmart where the major impact is on handling the benchmark input and output that is set under the information technology. IT works on the technology with the different kinds of the business that impact the support of the final demands with check on creating a profitable standard for the food industry. (Ijumba et al., 2015). The right tools are checked on the dedication of the team with the highly service oriented standards that work on the places with freshness of raw material. Reference Aggarwal, A., 2014. Promoting Food Processing Through Food Parks and Food Processing Special Economic Zones: The Indian Experience.Innovative Institutions, Public Policies and Private Strategies for Agro-Enterprise Development, p.189. Babu, C.S., Sette, C. and Davis, K., 2015. Private Technical Assistance Approaches in Brazil: The Case of Food Processing Company Rio de Una.Knowledge Driven Development: Private Extension and Global Lessons, p.105. Badia-Melis, R. and Ruiz-Garcia, L., 2016. Real-Time Tracking and Remote Monitoring in Food Traceability.Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies: Improving Quality Throughout the Food Chain, p.209. Ijumba, C., Snyder, J., Tschirley, D. and Reardon, T., 2015. Stages of Transformation in Food Processing and Marketing: Results of an Initial Inventory of Processed Food Products in Dar es Salaam, Arusha, and Mwanza.Tanzania Policy Research Brief. Perez, J.R. and Dodge, T.J., Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2016.Palatability enhancer with added aroma for application to pet food products. U.S. Patent Application 15/133,427. Saleh, Z.M. and Roslin, R.M., 2016. Enhancing business performance through supply chain integration strategy of food processing industry in Malaysia: A conceptual paper. InProceedings of the 1st AAGBS International Conference on Business Management 2014 (AiCoBM 2014)(pp. 319-329). Springer Singapore. Wills, B., 2016.Purposely Profitable: Embedding Sustainability Into the DNA of Food Processing and Other Businesses. John Wiley Sons.

Joints and Body Movements Essay Example

Joints and Body Movements Paper Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? In this exercise I will exam how joints function and thereby discover how they allow for movement in the body. Joints are where two bones come together. The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton. All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in the neck, form a joint. Joints are often categorized by the amount of motion they allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like those in the skull, allow for no movement. Other joints, like those between the vertebrae of the spine, allow for some movement. Most of the joints are free moving synovial joints. In this exercise I will exam how joints function and thereby discover how they allow for movement in the body. Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Basic lab precautions, including keep a clean workspace and washing your hand when dealing with raw poultry. In order to ensure that this occurs layout the equipment beforehand in a clean sterile environment and follow safe work practices. Exercise 1: Questions A. As you observe the skull, explain how the structure of the sutures between the cranial bones is related to the overall function of the cranium. We will write a custom essay sample on Joints and Body Movements specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Joints and Body Movements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Joints and Body Movements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Children’s heads needs to squeeze through the birth canal during delivery, humans during infancy have evolved with a soft skull composed of many different bony plates that meet at regions called cranial sutures. These sutures also allow the skull to grow rapidly during the first year of life, at which time the bones start to slowly fuse together. This allows the skull to continue to protect the skull during early development. B. Why are synarthroses an important component of fibrous joints? These joints are weight bearing and the joints provide stability and cushioning. Synarthrotic joint is to provide a stable union between bony surfaces. The suture and synchondrosis actually become more stable when ossification of the joint takes place. Exercise 2: Questions A. Cartilaginous joints exhibit amphiarthroses. Why is this important? Amphiarthroses provides an articulation between bony surfaces that permits limited motion and is connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage, such as that between the vertebrae. B. Structurally, how are cartilaginous joints similar? Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also form the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. Exercise 3: Questions A. Which type of synovial joint has the least amount of movement? Plane joints permit sliding or gliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces. The opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost fat, with movement limited by their tight joint capsules. B. Why are diarthroses important for synovial joints? Diarthrosis permits a variety of movements. All diarthrosis joints are synovial joints and the terms diarthrosis and synovial joint are considered equivalent. C. Which synovial joint is most movable? A ball and socket joint is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It enables the bone to move in a 360Â ° angle. D. What are the four structural characteristics that all synovial joints share? Synovial joints all have synovial fluid, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, capsular ligaments, blood vessels, and sensory nerves. Exercise 4: Questions A. Which of the body movements was the most difficult to perform? Why? Inversion which is a gliding joint and provides little movement. B. Hinge joints like the elbow and knee have limited movement. Why are these types of joints more prone to injury? Hinge joints in the elbow and knee contain a lot of anatomical structures packed into a tiny space and when challenged with heavy and constant use, it thus especially prone to injury and infection. C. When performing flexion on the arm, the biceps muscle (on the anterior of the arm) contracts. What happens to the triceps muscle (on the posterior of the arm) as this action is performed? As you perform flexion on your arm the triceps muscle relaxes. D. Both the shoulder and the hip are ball and socket joints. Why does the shoulder have a greater range of motion than the hip? The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable range of motion, making it the most mobile joint in the human body. The shoulder can abduct, adduct rotate, be raised in front of and behind the torso and move through a full 360Â ° in the sagittal plane. Exercise 5: Observations Sketch your chicken wing: Label the bones, muscles, tendons and joints. Exercise 5: Questions A. What effect will the tearing of a tendon have on its corresponding muscle? The corresponding muscle will shrink due to the decreased activity tendon. This is because when the tendon is torn the area around the tendon will not be in very much use until the tendon is repaired which can take a good while unless professionally handled. The muscle will go back to its original size once the tendon heals and the muscle is used more. B. Why are ligaments harder to heal than tendons? Tendons heal faster than ligaments. The reason is that tendons are connected to the muscle, which will allow them to receive a larger blood flow. Ligaments are connected to bone which supplies less blood. Blood is the key -what carries nutrients in order to repair the tissue. C. Compare and contrast tendons and ligaments. Ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect bone to muscle. D. What is the function of fascia? It is responsible for maintaining structural, provides support and protection, and acts as a shock absorber. The function of muscle fasciae is to reduce friction to minimize the reduction of muscular force. Fasciae: a) Provide a sliding and gliding environment for muscles. b)Suspend organs in their proper place. c) Transmit movement from muscles to bones, and d) Provide a supportive and movable wrapping for nerves and blood vessels as they pass through and between muscles. [ E. What effect would the loss of articular cartilage have on a joint, its bones and their corresponding muscles? It causes the breakdown of the cartilage in joints. It also called degenerative arthritis. Cartilage is the joints cushion. It covers the ends of bones and allows free movement. If it becomes rough, frays, or wears away, bones grind against each other. As a result, the joint becomes irritated and inflamed. Sometimes the irritation causes abnormal bone growths, called spurs, which increase swelling. Conclusions Explain how skin, bones, and muscles are related to each other. Why is this relationship important to the understanding of the skeletal and muscular systems? Joints are where two bones come together. The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton. All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in the neck, form a joint. Joints are often categorized by the amount of motion they allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like those in the skull, allow for no movement. Other joints, like those between the vertebrae of the spine, allow for some movement. Most of the joints are free moving synovial joints.

Entrepreneur Interview Essay Example

Entrepreneur Interview Essay Example Entrepreneur Interview Essay Entrepreneur Interview Essay The individual I chose to interview is the proprietor of the company at my current topographic point of work. Larry Godwin is the proprietor of Godwin Company. Inc. which is a forklift and golf auto gross revenues. and service company. Larry worked on his household farm turning up in Arkansas after go forthing school in the 4th class and so moved to Indianapolis when he was 18 old ages old and began working for a fan company. He got an chance for an apprenticeship place at a tool and decease company making chiefly forklift fixs. After that he went to work for Westinghouse. reconstructing electrical equipment. making machine work. and keeping their forklifts. He so decided to work for Kidney-Wood. a tow motor distributer. where he was a route technician for one twelvemonth. he was so promoted to Service Manager. After working in that place for 10 old ages. he saved $ 4. 000. 00 by working overtime on eventide and weekends so he could get down his ain concern. that concern is now a pro fitable company. I think it’s of import to indicate out that he did this with merely a 4th class degree instruction. He is a really determined individual and learned everything he knows by detecting and taking in everything he learned at his old topographic points of employment. Larry foremost opened for concern at 2222 East tenth Street in 1969 serving industrial sweepers and scrubbers for infirmaries and mills. every bit good as. serving forklift trucks. In 1971 he moved his location to 846 North Hamilton and from at that place in 1974 he made his concluding move to 1175 West 16th Street. At this current location the company gross revenues and services forklifts and golf autos. The company besides owns 1151. 1201. 1205. and 1207 West 16th Street. which they lease these edifice to other companies who use it for storage or restaurant infinite. When he foremost started the concern had a net worth of $ 4. 000. 00 and is now a multi-million dollar company. Larry started the concern with the fact in head that if he worked for person else for the remainder of his life. he would merely do peanuts. He knew he was good at what he did and he told people so. He would state his clients. I’m the best forklift machinist in the state. And with that attitude he would derive the clients concern and regard. He had basic accounting cognition and knew the every department’s actions had to be accounted for in the books. He gained a batch of his cognition by paying close attending when he worked for others in the yesteryear. He knew that the concern had to either grow or travel rearward and it took about five old ages to acquire a good hard currency flow. He took out $ 100. 000. 00 loan from the bank to assist turn the concern and paid that loan off every bit shortly as possible. It’s the lone loan the company has of all time had. You have to hold a good apprehension of the fact that you can’t turn so fast that you can’t pay your creditors and don’t go out on a limb by buying excessively much stock in the beginning and non be able to sell it fast plenty in order to pay your measures. Thingss didn’t truly smooth out until approximately ten old ages in. He suggest distributing your portfolio out so that you won’t los everything if you make one hapless pick. He besides suggest get downing with larning everything possible about something you like and inquire yourself if you can do adequate money in the beginning to raise the capital of the concern because no bank will loan you money if you do non hold capital. The biggest advise Larry gave me during the interview was you have to be honest. loyal. have unity in the concern and be able to manage or see that every ailment is handled in a timely and appropriate manner. You have to cognize that the money that your concern makes corsets in the concern. If you start taking money out of the concern history. so you are losing your net income. As the proprietor of the company you get a payroll check and that is what you use to pay your personal measures. non the company’s money. I enjoyed acquiring to cognize the proprietor of the company I work for and how the concern was started. I was really impressed with Larry’s finding and passion he has for his concern. He is an inspiration to any one wanting to get down a concern of at that place ain. With merely a 4th class instruction he was determined and observant plenty to larn from others and construct a really successful concern. I’m proud to work for a company that is built on passion. honestness. and unity.

The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis, staging and therapy of Essay

The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis, staging and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma - Essay Example Also, the incidence of HCC worldwide varies according to the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections. In the US, the incidence is 4 cases per 100,000. In areas such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the rates are as high as 120 cases per 100,000 (Stuart, 2006). It occurs more commonly in men than in women. The median age of diagnosis the United States and Europe  is 65 years. In the African and Asian countries where the incidence is high, the age of diagnosis can be even in the 4th and 5th decades. The median survival from the time of diagnosis is generally 6 months. Length of survival depends largely on the extent of cirrhosis in the liver. Cirrhotic patients have shorter survival times, and in cases of  portal vein occlusion, the prognosis is even worse (Stuart, 2006). Cure  through surgery  is possible in less than 5% of all patients. Due to the multifocality nature of the tumor and invasion of the tumor into portal vein, surgical resection can be performed only in 20% cases (Wu, 2005). Death in HCC occurs due to hepatic failure, cachexia, variceal bleeding or even due to tumor rupture and bleeding into the peritoneum. The patients generally present with symptoms related to cirrhosis like pruritus, jaundice, variceal bleeding, cachexia, pain in the hepatic region, increasing abdominal girth, splenomegaly and hepatic encephalopathy (Stuart, 2006). The etiology of cirrhosis could be alcohol induced, infections due to Hepatitis B or C, hemochromatosis, aflatoxin or even primary biliary cirrhosis, androgenic steroids, primary sclerosing cholangitis, 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Thorotrast radioactive contrast, oral contraceptives, and porphyria cutanea tarda (Stuart, 2006). In about 80% of cases, cirrhosis is the cause. However, 20% of cases are due to noncirrhotic, nonviral causes (Ulmer, 2000). Liver being the largest organ in the body varies considerably in size and configuration from